Make sure we trigger retransmits in DTLS testing

During a DTLS handshake we may need to periodically handle timeouts in the
DTLS timer to ensure retransmits due to lost packets are performed. However,
one peer will always complete a handshake before the other. The DTLS timer
stops once the handshake has finished so any handshake messages lost after
that point will not automatically get retransmitted simply by calling
DTLSv1_handle_timeout(). However attempting an SSL_read implies a
DTLSv1_handle_timeout() and additionally will process records received from
the peer. If those records are themselves retransmits then we know that the
peer has not completed its handshake yet and a retransmit of our final
flight automatically occurs.

Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <paul.dale@oracle.com>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/8047)

(cherry picked from commit 80c455d5)