EVP_set_default_properties(): New function to set global properties

EVP_MD_fetch() can be given a property query string.  However, there
are cases when it won't, for example in implicit fetches.  Therefore,
we also need a way to set a global property query string to be used in
all subsequent fetches.  This also applies to all future algorithm
fetching functions.

Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <paul.dale@oracle.com>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/8681)