Recognise clang -fsanitize options and translate them

Because we depend on knowing if clang's address, memory or undefinedbehavior
sanitizers are enabled, we make an extra effort to detect them among the
C flags, and adjust the %disabled values accordingly.

Reviewed-by: Bernd Edlinger <bernd.edlinger@hotmail.de>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/8778)