RT3757: base64 encoding bugs

Rewrite EVP_DecodeUpdate.

In particular: reject extra trailing padding, and padding in the middle
of the content. Don't limit line length. Add tests.

Previously, the behaviour was ill-defined, and depended on the position
of the padding within the input.

In addition, this appears to fix a possible two-byte oob read.

Reviewed-by: Richard Levitte <levitte@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Rich Salz <rsalz@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Dr Stephen Henson <steve@openssl.org>
(cherry picked from commit 3cdd1e94)
(cherry picked from commit 37faf117)