Add a lock around the OBJ_NAME table

Various initialization functions modify this table, which can cause heap
corruption in the absence of external synchronization.

Some stats are modified from OPENSSL_LH_retrieve, where callers aren't
expecting to have to take out an exclusive lock. Switch to using atomic
operations for those stats.

Reviewed-by: Matt Caswell <matt@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Rich Salz <rsalz@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/3525)
(cherry picked from commit be606c01)