polarssl_threadlock: remove conditionally unused code

Make functions no-ops if neither both USE_THREADS_POSIX and
HAVE_PTHREAD_H nor both USE_THREADS_WIN32 and HAVE_PROCESS_H are
defined. Previously, if only one of them was defined, there was either
code compiled that did nothing useful or the wrong header included for
the functions used.

Also, move POLARSSL_MUTEX_T define to implementation file as it's not
used externally.

Closes https://github.com/curl/curl/pull/3739