add CURLINFO_SCHEME, CURLINFO_PROTOCOL, and %{scheme}

Adds access to the effectively used protocol/scheme to both libcurl and
curl, both in string and numeric (CURLPROTO_*) form.

Note that the string form will be uppercase, as it is just the internal
string.

As these strings are declared internally as const, and all other strings
returned by curl_easy_getinfo() are de-facto const as well, string
handling in getinfo.c got const-ified.

Closes #1137