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 * @param certRequestPermissions: indicates the permissions that the 
 * certificate holder can request in its certificate. A valid instance of this
 * array contains no more than one entry whose psidSspRange field indicates 
 * all. If the array has multiple entries and one entry has its psidSspRange 
 * field indicate all, then the entry indicating all specifies the permissions 
 * for all PSIDs other than the ones explicitly specified in the other entries.
 * See the description of PsidGroupPermissions for further discussion.
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 * @param canRequestRollover: indicates that the certificate may be used to
 * sign a request for another certificate with the same permissions. This
 * field is provided for future use and its use is not defined in this
 * version of this standard.
 *
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 * @param encryptionKey: contains a public key for encryption for which the
 * certificate holder holds the corresponding private key.
 *
 * @param verifyKeyIndicator: contains material that may be used to recover
 * the public key that may be used to verify data signed by this certificate.
 *
 * @param flags: indicates additional yes/no properties of the certificate 
 * holder. The only bit with defined semantics in this string in this version 
 * of this standard is usesCubk. If set, the usesCubk bit indicates that the 
 * certificate holder supports the compact unified butterfly key response. 
 * Further material about the compact unified butterfly key response can be 
 * found in IEEE Std 1609.2.1.
 *
 * @note usesCubk is only relevant for CA certificates, and the only 
 * functionality defined associated with this field is associated with 
 * consistency checks on received certificate responses. No functionality 
 * associated with communications between peer SDEEs is defined associated 
 * with this field.
 *
 * @param appExtensions: indicates additional permissions that may be applied
 * to application activities that the certificate holder is carrying out. 
 *
 * @param certIssueExtensions: indicates additional permissions to issue 
 * certificates containing endEntityExtensions. 
 *
 * @param certRequestExtensions: indicates additional permissions to request 
 * certificates containing endEntityExtensions.
 *
 * @note Canonicalization: This data structure is subject to canonicalization 
 * for the relevant operations specified in 6.1.2. The canonicalization 
 * applies to the PublicEncryptionKey and to the VerificationKeyIndicator.
 *
 * If the PublicEncryptionKey contains a BasePublicEncryptionKey that is an 
 * elliptic curve point (i.e., of type EccP256CurvePoint or EccP384CurvePoint),
 * then the elliptic curve point is encoded in compressed form, i.e., such 
 * that the choice indicated within the Ecc*CurvePoint is compressed-y-0 or 
 * compressed-y-1.
 *
 * @note Critical information fields:
 *   - If present, appPermissions is a critical information field as defined 
 * in 5.2.6. If an implementation of verification does not support the number 
 * of PsidSsp in the appPermissions field of a certificate that signed a 
 * signed SPDU, that implementation shall indicate that the signed SPDU is 
 * invalid in the sense of 4.2.2.3.2, that is, it is invalid in the sense 
 * that its validity cannot be established.. A conformant implementation 
 * shall support appPermissions fields containing at least eight entries. 
 * It may be the case that an implementation of verification does not support 
 * the number of entries in  the appPermissions field and the appPermissions 
 * field is not relevant to the verification: this will occur, for example, 
 * if the certificate in question is a CA certificate and so the 
 * certIssuePermissions field is relevant to the verification and the 
 * appPermissions field is not. In this case, whether the implementation 
 * indicates that the signed SPDU is valid (because it could validate all 
 * relevant fields) or invalid (because it could not parse the entire 
 * certificate) is implementation-specific.
 *   - If present, certIssuePermissions is a critical information field as 
 * defined in 5.2.6. If an implementation of verification does not support 
 * the number of PsidGroupPermissions in the certIssuePermissions field of a 
 * CA certificate in the chain of a signed SPDU, the implementation shall 
 * indicate that the signed SPDU is invalid in the sense of 4.2.2.3.2, that 
 * is, it is invalid in the sense that its validity cannot be established. 
 * A conformant implementation shall support certIssuePermissions fields 
 * containing at least eight entries.
 * It may be the case that an implementation of verification does not support
 * the number of entries in  the certIssuePermissions field and the 
 * certIssuePermissions field is not relevant to the verification: this will 
 * occur, for example, if the certificate in question is the signing 
 * certificate for the SPDU and so the appPermissions field is relevant to 
 * the verification and the certIssuePermissions field is not. In this case, 
 * whether the implementation indicates that the signed SPDU is valid 
 * (because it could validate all relevant fields) or invalid (because it 
 * could not parse the entire certificate) is implementation-specific.
 *   - If present, certRequestPermissions is a critical information field as 
 * defined in 5.2.6. If an implementaiton of verification of a certificate 
 * request does not support the number of PsidGroupPermissions in 
 * certRequestPermissions, the implementation shall indicate that the signed 
 * SPDU is invalid in the sense of 4.2.2.3.2, that is, it is invalid in the 
 * sense that its validity cannot be established. A conformant implementation 
 * shall support certRequestPermissions fields containing at least eight 
 * entries.
 * It may be the case that an implementation of verification does not support 
 * the number of entries in  the certRequestPermissions field and the 
 * certRequestPermissions field is not relevant to the verification: this will 
 * occur, for example, if the certificate in question is the signing 
 * certificate for the SPDU and so the appPermissions field is relevant to 
 * the verification and the certRequestPermissions field is not. In this 
 * case, whether the implementation indicates that the signed SPDU is valid 
 * (because it could validate all relevant fields) or invalid (because it 
 * could not parse the entire certificate) is implementation-specific.
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ToBeSignedCertificate ::= SEQUENCE { 
  id                     CertificateId,
  cracaId                HashedId3,
  crlSeries              CrlSeries,
  validityPeriod         ValidityPeriod,
  region                 GeographicRegion OPTIONAL,
  assuranceLevel         SubjectAssurance OPTIONAL,
  appPermissions         SequenceOfPsidSsp OPTIONAL,
  certIssuePermissions   SequenceOfPsidGroupPermissions OPTIONAL,
  certRequestPermissions SequenceOfPsidGroupPermissions OPTIONAL, 
  canRequestRollover     NULL OPTIONAL,
  encryptionKey          PublicEncryptionKey OPTIONAL,
  verifyKeyIndicator     VerificationKeyIndicator,
  ...,
  flags                  BIT STRING {usesCubk (0)} (SIZE (8)) OPTIONAL,
  appExtensions          SequenceOfAppExtensions,
  certIssueExtensions    SequenceOfCertIssueExtensions,
  certRequestExtension   SequenceOfCertRequestExtensions
}
(WITH COMPONENTS { ..., appPermissions PRESENT} |
 WITH COMPONENTS { ..., certIssuePermissions PRESENT} |
 WITH COMPONENTS { ..., certRequestPermissions PRESENT})
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/**
 * @brief This structure contains information that is used to identify the
 * certificate holder if necessary.
 *
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 * @param linkageData: is used to identify the certificate for revocation
 * purposes in the case of certificates that appear on linked certificate
 * CRLs. See 5.1.3 and 7.3 for further discussion.
 *
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 * @param name: is used to identify the certificate holder in the case of
 * non-anonymous certificates. The contents of this field are a matter of
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 * policy and are expected to be human-readable.
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 * @param binaryId: supports identifiers that are not human-readable.
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 * @param none: indicates that the certificate does not include an identifier.
 *
 * @note Critical information fields:
 *   - If present, this is a critical information field as defined in 5.2.6.
 * An implementation that does not recognize the choice indicated in this
 * field shall reject a signed SPDU as invalid.
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CertificateId ::= CHOICE {
  linkageData LinkageData,
  name        Hostname,
  binaryId    OCTET STRING(SIZE(1..64)),
  none        NULL,
  ...
}
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/**
 * @brief This structure contains information that is matched against
 * information obtained from a linkage ID-based CRL to determine whether the
 * containing certificate has been revoked. See 5.1.3.4 and 7.3 for details
 * of use.
 */
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LinkageData ::= SEQUENCE {
  iCert               IValue,
  linkage-value       LinkageValue, 
  group-linkage-value GroupLinkageValue OPTIONAL
}

/**
 * @brief This type indicates which type of permissions may appear in
 * end-entity certificates the chain of whose permissions passes through the
 * PsidGroupPermissions field containing this value. If app is indicated, the
 * end-entity certificate may contain an appPermissions field. If enroll is
 * indicated, the end-entity certificate may contain a certRequestPermissions
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 * field.
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EndEntityType ::=
  BIT STRING {app (0), enrol (1) } (SIZE (8)) (ALL EXCEPT {})
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/**
 * @brief This structure states the permissions that a certificate holder has
 * with respect to issuing and requesting certificates for a particular set
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 * of PSIDs. For examples, see D.5.3 and D.5.4.
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 * @param subjectPermissions: indicates PSIDs and SSP Ranges covered by this
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 * @param minChainLength: and chainLengthRange indicate how long the
 * certificate chain from this certificate to the end-entity certificate is
 * permitted to be. As specified in 5.1.2.1, the length of the certificate
 * chain is the number of certificates "below" this certificate in the chain,
 * down to and including the end-entity certificate. The length is permitted
 * to be (a) greater than or equal to minChainLength certificates and (b)
 * less than or equal to minChainLength + chainLengthRange certificates. A
 * value of 0 for minChainLength is not permitted when this type appears in
 * the certIssuePermissions field of a ToBeSignedCertificate; a certificate
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 * that has a value of 0 for this field is invalid. The value -1 for
 * chainLengthRange is a special case: if the value of chainLengthRange is -1
 * it indicates that the certificate chain may be any length equal to or
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 * greater than minChainLength. See the examples below for further discussion.
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 * @param eeType: takes one or more of the values app and enroll and indicates
 * the type of certificates or requests that this instance of
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 * PsidGroupPermissions in the certificate is entitled to authorize. 
 * Different instances of PsidGroupPermissions within a ToBeSignedCertificate
 * may have different values for eeType.
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 *   - If this field indicates app, the chain is allowed to end in an 
 * authorization certificate, i.e., a certficate in which these permissions 
 * appear in an appPermissions field (in other words, if the field does not 
 * indicate app and the chain ends in an authorization certificate, the 
 * chain shall be considered invalid).
 *   - If this field indicates enroll, the chain is allowed to end in an 
 * enrollment certificate, i.e., a certificate in which these permissions 
 * appear in a certReqPermissions permissions field (in other words, if the 
 * field does not indicate enroll and the chain ends in an enrollment 
 * certificate, the chain shall be considered invalid).
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PsidGroupPermissions ::= SEQUENCE {
  subjectPermissions SubjectPermissions,
  minChainLength     INTEGER DEFAULT 1, 
  chainLengthRange   INTEGER DEFAULT 0, 
  eeType             EndEntityType DEFAULT {app}
}
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/**
 * @brief This type is used for clarity of definitions.
 */
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SequenceOfPsidGroupPermissions ::= SEQUENCE OF PsidGroupPermissions
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/**
 * @brief This indicates the PSIDs and associated SSPs for which certificate
 * issuance or request permissions are granted by a PsidGroupPermissions
 * structure. If this takes the value explicit, the enclosing
 * PsidGroupPermissions structure grants certificate issuance or request
 * permissions for the indicated PSIDs and SSP Ranges. If this takes the
 * value all, the enclosing PsidGroupPermissions structure grants certificate
 * issuance or request permissions for all PSIDs not indicated by other
 * PsidGroupPermissions in the same certIssuePermissions or
 * certRequestPermissions field.
 *
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 * @note Critical information fields:
 *   - If present, this is a critical information field as defined in 5.2.6.
 * An implementation that does not recognize the indicated CHOICE when
 * verifying a signed SPDU shall indicate that the signed SPDU is
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 * invalidin the sense of 4.2.2.3.2, that is, it is invalid in the sense that
 * its validity cannot be established.
 *   - If present, explicit is a critical information field as defined in
 * 5.2.6. An implementation that does not support the number of PsidSspRange
 * in explicit when verifying a signed SPDU shall indicate that the signed
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 * SPDU is invalid in the sense of 4.2.2.3.2, that is, it is invalid in the 
 * sense that its validity cannot be established. A conformant implementation
 * shall support explicit fields containing at least eight entries.
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SubjectPermissions ::= CHOICE {
  explicit SequenceOfPsidSspRange,
  all      NULL,
  ...
}
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/**
 * @brief The contents of this field depend on whether the certificate is an
 * implicit or an explicit certificate.
 *
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 * @param verificationKey: is included in explicit certificates. It contains
 * the public key to be used to verify signatures generated by the holder of
 * the Certificate.
 *
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 * @param reconstructionValue: is included in implicit certificates. It
 * contains the reconstruction value, which is used to recover the public key
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 * as specified in SEC 4 and 5.3.2.
 *
 * @note Critical information fields: If present, this is a critical 
 * information field as defined in 5.2.5. An implementation that does not 
 * recognize the indicated CHOICE for this type when verifying a signed SPDU 
 * shall indicate that the signed SPDU is invalid indicate that the signed 
 * SPDU is invalid in the sense of 4.2.2.3.2, that is, it is invalid in the 
 * sense that its validity cannot be established.
 *
 * @note Canonicalization: This data structure is subject to canonicalization 
 * for the relevant operations specified in 6.1.2. The canonicalization 
 * applies to the PublicVerificationKey and to the EccP256CurvePoint. The 
 * EccP256CurvePoint is encoded in compressed form, i.e., such that the 
 * choice indicated within the EccP256CurvePoint is compressed-y-0 or 
 * compressed-y-1.
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VerificationKeyIndicator ::= CHOICE {
  verificationKey     PublicVerificationKey,
  reconstructionValue EccP256CurvePoint,
  ...
}

/**
 * @brief This structure uses the parameterized type Extension to define an 
 * Ieee1609ContributedHeaderInfoExtension as an open Extension Content field 
 * identified by an extension identifier. The extension identifier value is 
 * unique to extensions defined by ETSI and need not be unique among all 
 * extension identifier values defined by all contributing organizations.
 */
Ieee1609ContributedHeaderInfoExtension ::=
  Extension{{Ieee1609HeaderInfoExtensions}}

/**
 * @brief This is an integer used to identify an 
 * Ieee1609ContributedHeaderInfoExtension.
 */
Ieee1609HeaderInfoExtensionId ::= ExtId

p2pcd8ByteLearningRequestId Ieee1609HeaderInfoExtensionId ::= 1

/**
 * @brief This is the ASN.1 Information Object Class that associates IEEE 
 * 1609 HeaderInfo contributed extensions with the appropriate 
 * Ieee1609HeaderInfoExtensionId value.
 */
Ieee1609HeaderInfoExtensions EXT-TYPE ::= {
  {HashedId8 IDENTIFIED BY p2pcd8ByteLearningRequestId},
  ...
}

/**
 * @brief This structure contains any AppExtensions that apply to the 
 * certificate holder. As specified in 5.2.4.2.3, each individual 
 * AppExtension type is associated with consistency conditions, specific to 
 * that extension, that govern its consistency with SPDUs signed by the 
 * certificate holder and with the CertIssueExtensions in the CA certificates 
 * in that certificate holder�s chain. Those consistency conditions are 
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 * specified for each individual AppExtension below.
 */
SequenceOfAppExtensions ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..MAX)) OF AppExtension

/**
 * @brief This structure contains an individual AppExtension. AppExtensions 
 * specified in this standard are drawn from the ASN.1 Information Object Set 
 * SetCertExtensions. This set, and its use in the AppExtension type, is 
 * structured so that each AppExtension is associated with a 
 * CertIssueExtension and a CertRequestExtension and all are identified by 
 * the same id value. In this structure:
 * 
 * @param id: identifies the extension type.
 * 
 * @param content: provides the content of the extension.
 */
AppExtension ::= SEQUENCE {
  id      CERT-EXT-TYPE.&id({SetCertExtensions}),
  content CERT-EXT-TYPE.&App({SetCertExtensions}{@.id})
}

/**
 * @brief This field contains any CertIssueExtensions that apply to the 
 * certificate holder. As specified in 5.2.4.2.3, each individual 
 * CertIssueExtension type is associated with consistency conditions, 
 * specific to that extension, that govern its consistency with 
 * AppExtensions in certificates issued by the certificate holder and with 
 * the CertIssueExtensions in the CA certificates in that certificate 
 * holder�s chain. Those consistency conditions are specified for each 
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 * individual CertIssueExtension below.
 */
SequenceOfCertIssueExtensions ::= 
  SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..MAX)) OF CertIssueExtension

/**
 * @brief This field contains an individual CertIssueExtension. 
 * CertIssueExtensions specified in this standard are drawn from the ASN.1 
 * Information Object Set SetCertExtensions. This set, and its use in the 
 * CertIssueExtension type, is structured so that each CertIssueExtension 
 * is associated with a AppExtension and a CertRequestExtension and all are 
 * identified by the same id value. In this structure:
 * 
 * @param id: identifies the extension type.
 * 
 * @param permissions: indicates the permissions. Within this field.
 *   - all indicates that the certificate is entitled to issue all values of
 * the extension.
 *   - specific is used to specify which values of the extension may be 
 * issued in the case where all does not apply.
 */
CertIssueExtension ::= SEQUENCE {
  id          CERT-EXT-TYPE.&id({SetCertExtensions}),
  permissions CHOICE {
    specific  CERT-EXT-TYPE.&Issue({SetCertExtensions}{@.id}),
    all       NULL
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}

/**
 * @brief This field contains any CertRequestExtensions that apply to the 
 * certificate holder. As specified in 5.2.4.2.3, each individual 
 * CertRequestExtension type is associated with consistency conditions, 
 * specific to that extension, that govern its consistency with 
 * AppExtensions in certificates issued by the certificate holder and with 
 * the CertRequestExtensions in the CA certificates in that certificate 
 * holder�s chain. Those consistency conditions are specified for each 
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 * individual CertRequestExtension below.
 */
SequenceOfCertRequestExtensions ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..MAX)) OF CertRequestExtension

/**
 * @brief This field contains an individual CertRequestExtension. 
 * CertRequestExtensions specified in this standard are drawn from the 
 * ASN.1 Information Object Set SetCertExtensions. This set, and its use in 
 * the CertRequestExtension type, is structured so that each 
 * CertRequestExtension is associated with a AppExtension and a 
 * CertRequestExtension and all are identified by the same id value. In this 
 * structure:
 * 
 * @param id: identifies the extension type.
 * 
 * @param permissions: indicates the permissions. Within this field.
 *   - all indicates that the certificate is entitled to issue all values of
 * the extension.
 *   - specific is used to specify which values of the extension may be 
 * issued in the case where all does not apply.
 */
CertRequestExtension ::= SEQUENCE {
  id      CERT-EXT-TYPE.&id({SetCertExtensions}),
  permissions CHOICE {
    content   CERT-EXT-TYPE.&Req({SetCertExtensions}{@.id}),
    all       NULL
  }
}

/**
 * @brief This type is the AppExtension used to identify an operating 
 * organization. The associated CertIssueExtension and CertRequestExtension 
 * are both of type OperatingOrganizationId.
 * To determine consistency between this type and an SPDU, the SDEE 
 * specification for that SPDU is required to specify how the SPDU can be 
 * used to determine an OBJECT IDENTIFIER (for example, by including the 
 * full OBJECT IDENTIFIER in the SPDU, or by including a RELATIVE-OID with 
 * clear instructions about how a full OBJECT IDENTIFIER can be obtained from
 * the RELATIVE-OID). The SPDU is then consistent with this type if the 
 * OBJECT IDENTIFIER determined from the SPDU is identical to the OBJECT 
 * IDENTIFIER contained in this field.
 * This AppExtension does not have consistency conditions with a 
 * corresponding CertIssueExtension. It can appear in a certificate issued 
 * by any CA.
 */
OperatingOrganizationId ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

certExtId-OperatingOrganization ExtId ::= 1

/**
 * @brief This Information Object is an instance of the Information Object 
 * Class CERT-EXT-TYPE. It is defined to bind together the AppExtension, 
 * CertIssueExtension, and CertRequestExtension types associated with the 
 * use of an operating organization identifier, and to assocaute them all 
 * with the extension identifier value certExtId-OperatingOrganization.
 */
instanceOperatingOrganizationCertExtensions CERT-EXT-TYPE ::= {
  ID      certExtId-OperatingOrganization 
  APP     OperatingOrganizationId
  ISSUE   NULL
  REQUEST NULL
}

/**
 * @brief This Information Object Set is a collection of Information Objects 
 * used to contain the AppExtension, CertIssueExtension, and 
 * CertRequestExtension types associated with a specific use of certificate 
 * extensions. In this version of this standard it only has a single entry 
 * instanceOperatingOrganizationCertExtensions.
 */
SetCertExtensions CERT-EXT-TYPE ::= {
  instanceOperatingOrganizationCertExtensions,
  ...
}