=pod

=head1 NAME

bn_mul_words, bn_mul_add_words, bn_sqr_words, bn_div_words,
bn_add_words, bn_sub_words, bn_mul_comba4, bn_mul_comba8,
bn_sqr_comba4, bn_sqr_comba8, bn_cmp_words, bn_mul_normal,
bn_mul_low_normal, bn_mul_recursive, bn_mul_part_recursive,
bn_mul_low_recursive, bn_mul_high, bn_sqr_normal, bn_sqr_recursive,
bn_expand, bn_wexpand, bn_expand2, bn_fix_top, bn_check_top,
bn_print, bn_dump, bn_set_max, bn_set_high, bn_set_low - BIGNUM
library internal functions

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 BN_ULONG bn_mul_words(BN_ULONG *rp, BN_ULONG *ap, int num, BN_ULONG w);
 BN_ULONG bn_mul_add_words(BN_ULONG *rp, BN_ULONG *ap, int num,
   BN_ULONG w);
 void     bn_sqr_words(BN_ULONG *rp, BN_ULONG *ap, int num);
 BN_ULONG bn_div_words(BN_ULONG h, BN_ULONG l, BN_ULONG d);
 BN_ULONG bn_add_words(BN_ULONG *rp, BN_ULONG *ap, BN_ULONG *bp,
   int num);
 BN_ULONG bn_sub_words(BN_ULONG *rp, BN_ULONG *ap, BN_ULONG *bp,
   int num);

 void bn_mul_comba4(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b);
 void bn_mul_comba8(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b);
 void bn_sqr_comba4(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a);
 void bn_sqr_comba8(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a);

 int bn_cmp_words(BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b, int n);

 void bn_mul_normal(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, int na, BN_ULONG *b,
   int nb);
 void bn_mul_low_normal(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b, int n);
 void bn_mul_recursive(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b, int n2,
   BN_ULONG *tmp);
 void bn_mul_part_recursive(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b,
   int tn, int n, BN_ULONG *tmp);
 void bn_mul_low_recursive(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b,
   int n2, BN_ULONG *tmp);
 void bn_mul_high(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, BN_ULONG *b, BN_ULONG *l,
   int n2, BN_ULONG *tmp);

 void bn_sqr_normal(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, int n, BN_ULONG *tmp);
 void bn_sqr_recursive(BN_ULONG *r, BN_ULONG *a, int n2, BN_ULONG *tmp);

 void mul(BN_ULONG r, BN_ULONG a, BN_ULONG w, BN_ULONG c);
 void mul_add(BN_ULONG r, BN_ULONG a, BN_ULONG w, BN_ULONG c);
 void sqr(BN_ULONG r0, BN_ULONG r1, BN_ULONG a);

 BIGNUM *bn_expand(BIGNUM *a, int bits);
 BIGNUM *bn_wexpand(BIGNUM *a, int n);
 BIGNUM *bn_expand2(BIGNUM *a, int n);
 void bn_fix_top(BIGNUM *a);

 void bn_check_top(BIGNUM *a);
 void bn_print(BIGNUM *a);
 void bn_dump(BN_ULONG *d, int n);
 void bn_set_max(BIGNUM *a);
 void bn_set_high(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, int n);
 void bn_set_low(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, int n);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This page documents the internal functions used by the OpenSSL
B<BIGNUM> implementation. They are described here to facilitate
debugging and extending the library. They are I<not> to be used by
applications.

=head2 The BIGNUM structure

 typedef struct bignum_st
        {
        int top;      /* index of last used d (most significant word) */
        BN_ULONG *d;  /* pointer to an array of 'BITS2' bit chunks */
        int max;      /* size of the d array */
        int neg;      /* sign */
        } BIGNUM;

The big number is stored in B<d>, a malloc()ed array of B<BN_ULONG>s,
least significant first. A B<BN_ULONG> can be either 16, 32 or 64 bits
in size (B<BITS2>), depending on the 'number of bits' specified in
C<openssl/bn.h>.

B<max> is the size of the B<d> array that has been allocated.  B<top>
is the 'last' entry being used, so for a value of 4, bn.d[0]=4 and
bn.top=1.  B<neg> is 1 if the number is negative.  When a B<BIGNUM> is
B<0>, the B<d> field can be B<NULL> and B<top> == B<0>.

Various routines in this library require the use of temporary
B<BIGNUM> variables during their execution.  Since dynamic memory
allocation to create B<BIGNUM>s is rather expensive when used in
conjunction with repeated subroutine calls, the B<BN_CTX> structure is
used.  This structure contains B<BN_CTX_NUM> B<BIGNUM>s, see
L<BN_CTX_start(3)|BN_CTX_start(3)>.

=head2 Low-level arithmetic operations

These functions are implemented in C and for several platforms in
assembly language:

bn_mul_words(B<rp>, B<ap>, B<num>, B<w>) operates on the B<num> word
arrays B<rp> and B<ap>.  It computes B<ap> * B<w>, places the result
in B<rp>, and returns the high word (carry).

bn_mul_add_words(B<rp>, B<ap>, B<num>, B<w>) operates on the B<num>
word arrays B<rp> and B<ap>.  It computes B<ap> * B<w> + B<rp>, places
the result in B<rp>, and returns the high word (carry).

bn_sqr_words(B<rp>, B<ap>, B<n>) operates on the B<num> word array
B<ap> and the 2*B<num> word array B<ap>.  It computes B<ap> * B<ap>
word-wise, and places the low and high bytes of the result in B<rp>.

bn_div_words(B<h>, B<l>, B<d>) divides the two word number (B<h>,B<l>)
by B<d> and returns the result.

bn_add_words(B<rp>, B<ap>, B<bp>, B<num>) operates on the B<num> word
arrays B<ap>, B<bp> and B<rp>.  It computes B<ap> + B<bp>, places the
result in B<rp>, and returns the high word (carry).

bn_sub_words(B<rp>, B<ap>, B<bp>, B<num>) operates on the B<num> word
arrays B<ap>, B<bp> and B<rp>.  It computes B<ap> - B<bp>, places the
result in B<rp>, and returns the carry (1 if B<bp> E<gt> B<ap>, 0
otherwise).

bn_mul_comba4(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>) operates on the 4 word arrays B<a> and
B<b> and the 8 word array B<r>.  It computes B<a>*B<b> and places the
result in B<r>.

bn_mul_comba8(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>) operates on the 8 word arrays B<a> and
B<b> and the 16 word array B<r>.  It computes B<a>*B<b> and places the
result in B<r>.

bn_sqr_comba4(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>) operates on the 4 word arrays B<a> and
B<b> and the 8 word array B<r>.

bn_sqr_comba8(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>) operates on the 8 word arrays B<a> and
B<b> and the 16 word array B<r>.

The following functions are implemented in C:

bn_cmp_words(B<a>, B<b>, B<n>) operates on the B<n> word arrays B<a>
and B<b>.  It returns 1, 0 and -1 if B<a> is greater than, equal and
less than B<b>.

bn_mul_normal(B<r>, B<a>, B<na>, B<b>, B<nb>) operates on the B<na>
word array B<a>, the B<nb> word array B<b> and the B<na>+B<nb> word
array B<r>.  It computes B<a>*B<b> and places the result in B<r>.

bn_mul_low_normal(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>, B<n>) operates on the B<n> word
arrays B<r>, B<a> und B<b>.  It computes the B<n> low words of
B<a>*B<b> and places the result in B<r>.

bn_mul_recursive(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>, B<n2>, B<t>) operates on the B<n2>
word arrays B<a> and B<b> and the 2*B<n2> word arrays B<r> and B<t>.
B<n2> must be a power of 2.  It computes B<a>*B<b> and places the
result in B<r>.

bn_mul_part_recursive(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>, B<tn>, B<n>, B<tmp>) operates
on the B<n>+B<tn> word arrays B<a> and B<b> and the 4*B<n> word arrays
B<r> and B<tmp>.

bn_mul_low_recursive(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>, B<n2>, B<tmp>) operates on the
B<n2> word arrays B<r> and B<tmp> and the B<n2>/2 word arrays B<a>
and B<b>.

bn_mul_high(B<r>, B<a>, B<b>, B<l>, B<n2>, B<tmp>) operates on the
B<n2> word arrays B<r>, B<a>, B<b> and B<l> (?) and the 3*B<n2> word
array B<tmp>.

BN_mul() calls bn_mul_normal(), or an optimized implementation if the
factors have the same size: bn_mul_comba8() is used if they are 8
words long, bn_mul_recursive() if they are larger than
B<BN_MULL_SIZE_NORMAL> and the size is an exact multiple of the word
size, and bn_mul_part_recursive() for others that are larger than
B<BN_MULL_SIZE_NORMAL>.

bn_sqr_normal(B<r>, B<a>, B<n>, B<tmp>) operates on the B<n> word array
B<a> and the 2*B<n> word arrays B<tmp> and B<r>.

The implementations use the following macros which, depending on the
architecture, may use "long long" C operations or inline assembler.
They are defined in C<bn_lcl.h>.

mul(B<r>, B<a>, B<w>, B<c>) computes B<w>*B<a>+B<c> and places the
low word of the result in B<r> and the high word in B<c>.

mul_add(B<r>, B<a>, B<w>, B<c>) computes B<w>*B<a>+B<r>+B<c> and
places the low word of the result in B<r> and the high word in B<c>.

sqr(B<r0>, B<r1>, B<a>) computes B<a>*B<a> and places the low word
of the result in B<r0> and the high word in B<r1>.

=head2 Size changes

bn_expand() ensures that B<b> has enough space for a B<bits> bit
number.  bn_wexpand() ensures that B<b> has enough space for an
B<n> word number.  If the number has to be expanded, both macros
call bn_expand2(), which allocates a new B<d> array and copies the
data.  They return B<NULL> on error, B<b> otherwise.

The bn_fix_top() macro reduces B<a-E<gt>top> to point to the most
significant non-zero word when B<a> has shrunk.

=head2 Debugging

bn_check_top() verifies that C<((a)-E<gt>top E<gt>= 0 && (a)-E<gt>top
E<lt>= (a)-E<gt>max)>.  A violation will cause the program to abort.

bn_print() prints B<a> to stderr. bn_dump() prints B<n> words at B<d>
(in reverse order, i.e. most significant word first) to stderr.

bn_set_max() makes B<a> a static number with a B<max> of its current size.
This is used by bn_set_low() and bn_set_high() to make B<r> a read-only
B<BIGNUM> that contains the B<n> low or high words of B<a>.

If B<BN_DEBUG> is not defined, bn_check_top(), bn_print(), bn_dump()
and bn_set_max() are defined as empty macros.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<bn(3)|bn(3)>

=cut
