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docs/manual/LICENSE

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/* ====================================================================

 * Copyright (c) 1995-1997 The Apache Group.  All rights reserved.

 *

 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

 * are met:

 *

 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 

 *

 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in

 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

 *    distribution.

 *

 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this

 *    software must display the following acknowledgment:

 *    "This product includes software developed by the Apache Group

 *    for use in the Apache HTTP server project (http://www.apache.org/)."

 *

 * 4. The names "Apache Server" and "Apache Group" must not be used to

 *    endorse or promote products derived from this software without

 *    prior written permission.

 *

 * 5. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following

 *    acknowledgment:

 *    "This product includes software developed by the Apache Group

 *    for use in the Apache HTTP server project (http://www.apache.org/)."

 *

 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE APACHE GROUP ``AS IS'' AND ANY

 * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE

 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE APACHE GROUP OR

 * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT

 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;

 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)

 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,

 * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)

 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED

 * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 * ====================================================================

 *

 * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many

 * individuals on behalf of the Apache Group and was originally based

 * on public domain software written at the National Center for

 * Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

 * For more information on the Apache Group and the Apache HTTP server

 * project, please see <http://www.apache.org/>.

 *

 */

docs/manual/bind.html

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">

<html><head>

<title>Setting which addresses and ports Apache uses</title>

</head>



<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) -->

<BODY

 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"

 TEXT="#000000"

 LINK="#0000FF"

 VLINK="#000080"

 ALINK="#FF0000"

>

<!--#include virtual="header.html" -->

<h1 ALIGN="CENTER">Setting which addresses and ports Apache uses</h1>



<hr>



When Apache starts, it connects to some port and address on the

local machine and waits for incoming requests. By default, it

listens to all addresses on the machine, and to the port

as specified by the <tt>Port</tt> directive in the server configuration.

However, it can be told to listen to more the one port, or to listen

to only selected addresses, or a combination. This is often combined

with the Virtual Host feature which determines how Apache

responds to different IP addresses, hostnames and ports.<p>



There are two directives used to restrict or specify which addresses

and ports Apache listens to.



<ul>

<li><a href="#bindaddress">BindAddress</a> is used to restrict the server to listening to

  a single address, and can be used to permit multiple Apache servers

  on the same machine listening to different IP addresses.

<li><a href="#listen">Listen</a> can be used to make a single Apache server listen

  to more than one address and/or port.

</ul>



<h3><a name="bindaddress">BindAddress</a></h3>

<strong>Syntax:</strong> BindAddress <em>[ * | IP-address | hostname ]</em><br>

<strong>Default:</strong> <code>BindAddress *</code><br>

<strong>Context:</strong> server config<br>

<strong>Status:</strong> Core<p>



Makes the server listen to just the specified address. If the argument

is *, the server listens to all addresses. The port listened to

is set with the <tt>Port</tt> directive. Only one BindAddress

should be used.



<h3><a name="listen">Listen</a></h3>

<strong>Syntax:</strong> Listen <em>[ port | IP-address:port ]</em><br>

<strong>Default:</strong> <code>none</code><br>

<strong>Context:</strong> server config<br>

<strong>Status:</strong> Core<p>



<tt>Listen</tt> can be used instead of <tt>BindAddress</tt> and

<tt>Port</tt>. It tells the server to accept incoming requests on the

specified port or address-and-port combination. If the first format is

used, with a port number only, the server listens to the given port on

all interfaces, instead of the port given by the <tt>Port</tt>

directive. If an IP address is given as well as a port, the server

will listen on the given port and interface.  <p> Multiple Listen

directives may be used to specify a number of addresses and ports to

listen to. The server will respond to requests from any of the listed

addresses and ports.<p>



For example, to make the server accept connections on both port

80 and port 8000, use:

<pre>

   Listen 80

   Listen 8000

</pre>



To make the server accept connections on two specified

interfaces and port numbers, use

<pre>

   Listen 192.170.2.1:80

   Listen 192.170.2.5:8000

</pre>



<h2>How this works with Virtual Hosts</h2>



BindAddress and Listen do not implement Virtual Hosts. They tell the

main server what addresses and ports to listen to.  If no

&lt;VirtualHost&gt; directives are used, the server will behave the

same for all accepted requests. However, &lt;VirtualHost&gt; can be

used to specify a different behavior for one or more of the addresses

and ports. To implement a VirtualHost, the server must first be told

to listen to the address and port to be used. Then a

&lt;VirtualHost&gt; section should be created for a specified address

and port to set the behavior of this virtual host. Note that if the

&lt;VirtualHost&gt; is set for an address and port that the server is

not listening to, it cannot be accessed.



<h2>See also</h2>



See also the documentation on

<a href="virtual-host.html">Virtual Hosts</a>,

<a href="host.html">Non-IP virtual hosts</a>,

<a href="mod/core.html#bindaddress">BindAddress directive</a>,

<a href="mod/core.html#port">Port directive</a>,

<a href="dns-caveats.html">DNS Issues</a>

and

<a href="mod/core.html#virtualhost">&lt;VirtualHost&gt; section</a>.



<!--#include virtual="footer.html" -->

</BODY>

</HTML>

docs/manual/bind.html.en

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">

<html><head>

<title>Setting which addresses and ports Apache uses</title>

</head>



<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) -->

<BODY

 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"

 TEXT="#000000"

 LINK="#0000FF"

 VLINK="#000080"

 ALINK="#FF0000"

>

<!--#include virtual="header.html" -->

<h1 ALIGN="CENTER">Setting which addresses and ports Apache uses</h1>



<hr>



When Apache starts, it connects to some port and address on the

local machine and waits for incoming requests. By default, it

listens to all addresses on the machine, and to the port

as specified by the <tt>Port</tt> directive in the server configuration.

However, it can be told to listen to more the one port, or to listen

to only selected addresses, or a combination. This is often combined

with the Virtual Host feature which determines how Apache

responds to different IP addresses, hostnames and ports.<p>



There are two directives used to restrict or specify which addresses

and ports Apache listens to.



<ul>

<li><a href="#bindaddress">BindAddress</a> is used to restrict the server to listening to

  a single address, and can be used to permit multiple Apache servers

  on the same machine listening to different IP addresses.

<li><a href="#listen">Listen</a> can be used to make a single Apache server listen

  to more than one address and/or port.

</ul>



<h3><a name="bindaddress">BindAddress</a></h3>

<strong>Syntax:</strong> BindAddress <em>[ * | IP-address | hostname ]</em><br>

<strong>Default:</strong> <code>BindAddress *</code><br>

<strong>Context:</strong> server config<br>

<strong>Status:</strong> Core<p>



Makes the server listen to just the specified address. If the argument

is *, the server listens to all addresses. The port listened to

is set with the <tt>Port</tt> directive. Only one BindAddress

should be used.



<h3><a name="listen">Listen</a></h3>

<strong>Syntax:</strong> Listen <em>[ port | IP-address:port ]</em><br>

<strong>Default:</strong> <code>none</code><br>

<strong>Context:</strong> server config<br>

<strong>Status:</strong> Core<p>



<tt>Listen</tt> can be used instead of <tt>BindAddress</tt> and

<tt>Port</tt>. It tells the server to accept incoming requests on the

specified port or address-and-port combination. If the first format is

used, with a port number only, the server listens to the given port on

all interfaces, instead of the port given by the <tt>Port</tt>

directive. If an IP address is given as well as a port, the server

will listen on the given port and interface.  <p> Multiple Listen

directives may be used to specify a number of addresses and ports to

listen to. The server will respond to requests from any of the listed

addresses and ports.<p>



For example, to make the server accept connections on both port

80 and port 8000, use:

<pre>

   Listen 80

   Listen 8000

</pre>



To make the server accept connections on two specified

interfaces and port numbers, use

<pre>

   Listen 192.170.2.1:80

   Listen 192.170.2.5:8000

</pre>



<h2>How this works with Virtual Hosts</h2>



BindAddress and Listen do not implement Virtual Hosts. They tell the

main server what addresses and ports to listen to.  If no

&lt;VirtualHost&gt; directives are used, the server will behave the

same for all accepted requests. However, &lt;VirtualHost&gt; can be

used to specify a different behavior for one or more of the addresses

and ports. To implement a VirtualHost, the server must first be told

to listen to the address and port to be used. Then a

&lt;VirtualHost&gt; section should be created for a specified address

and port to set the behavior of this virtual host. Note that if the

&lt;VirtualHost&gt; is set for an address and port that the server is

not listening to, it cannot be accessed.



<h2>See also</h2>



See also the documentation on

<a href="virtual-host.html">Virtual Hosts</a>,

<a href="host.html">Non-IP virtual hosts</a>,

<a href="mod/core.html#bindaddress">BindAddress directive</a>,

<a href="mod/core.html#port">Port directive</a>,

<a href="dns-caveats.html">DNS Issues</a>

and

<a href="mod/core.html#virtualhost">&lt;VirtualHost&gt; section</a>.



<!--#include virtual="footer.html" -->

</BODY>

</HTML>

docs/manual/cgi_path.html

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">

<html><head>

<title>PATH_INFO Changes in the CGI Environment</title>

</head>



<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) -->

<BODY

 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"

 TEXT="#000000"

 LINK="#0000FF"

 VLINK="#000080"

 ALINK="#FF0000"

>

<!--#include virtual="header.html" -->

<h1 ALIGN="CENTER">PATH_INFO Changes in the CGI Environment</h1>



<hr>



<h2><a name="over">Overview</a></h2>



<p>As implemented in Apache 1.1.1 and earlier versions, the method

Apache used to create PATH_INFO in the CGI environment was

counterintuitive, and could result in crashes in certain cases. In

Apache 1.2 and beyond, this behavior has changed. Although this

results in some compatibility problems with certain legacy CGI

applications, the Apache 1.2 behavior is still compatible with the

CGI/1.1 specification, and CGI scripts can be easily modified (<a

href="#compat">see below</a>).



<h2><a name="prob">The Problem</a></h2>



<p>Apache 1.1.1 and earlier implemented the PATH_INFO and SCRIPT_NAME

environment variables by looking at the filename, not the URL. While

this resulted in the correct values in many cases, when the filesystem

path was overloaded to contain path information, it could result in

errant behavior. For example, if the following appeared in a config

file:

<pre>

     Alias /cgi-ralph /usr/local/httpd/cgi-bin/user.cgi/ralph

</pre>

<p>In this case, <code>user.cgi</code> is the CGI script, the "/ralph"

is information to be passed onto the CGI. If this configuration was in

place, and a request came for "<code>/cgi-ralph/script/</code>", the

code would set PATH_INFO to "<code>/ralph/script</code>", and

SCRIPT_NAME to "<code>/cgi-</code>". Obviously, the latter is

incorrect. In certain cases, this could even cause the server to

crash.</p>



<h2><a name="solution">The Solution</a></h2>



<p>Apache 1.2 and later now determine SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO by

looking directly at the URL, and determining how much of the URL is

client-modifiable, and setting PATH_INFO to it. To use the above

example, PATH_INFO would be set to "<code>/script</code>", and

SCRIPT_NAME to "<code>/cgi-ralph</code>". This makes sense and results

in no server behavior problems. It also permits the script to be

guaranteed that

"<code>http://$SERVER_NAME:$SERVER_PORT$SCRIPT_NAME$PATH_INFO</code>"

will always be an accessible URL that points to the current script,

something which was not necessarily true with previous versions of

Apache.



<p>However, the "<code>/ralph</code>"

information from the <code>Alias</code> directive is lost. This is

unfortunate, but we feel that using the filesystem to pass along this

sort of information is not a recommended method, and a script making

use of it "deserves" not to work. Apache 1.2b3 and later, however, do

provide <a href="#compat">a workaround.</a>



<h2><a name="compat">Compatibility with Previous Servers</a></h2>



<p>It may be necessary for a script that was designed for earlier

versions of Apache or other servers to need the information that the

old PATH_INFO variable provided. For this purpose, Apache 1.2 (1.2b3

and later) sets an additional variable, FILEPATH_INFO. This

environment variable contains the value that PATH_INFO would have had

with Apache 1.1.1.</p>



<p>A script that wishes to work with both Apache 1.2 and earlier

versions can simply test for the existence of FILEPATH_INFO, and use

it if available. Otherwise, it can use PATH_INFO. For example, in

Perl, one might use:

<pre>

    $path_info = $ENV{'FILEPATH_INFO'} || $ENV{'PATH_INFO'};

</pre>



<p>By doing this, a script can work with all servers supporting the

CGI/1.1 specification, including all versions of Apache.</p>



<!--#include virtual="footer.html" -->

</BODY>

</HTML>