mod_dbd
Manages SQL database connections
Extension
mod_dbd.c
dbd_module
Version 2.1 and later

mod_dbd manages SQL database connections using

APR
. It provides database connections on request to modules requiring SQL database functions, and takes care of managing databases with optimal efficiency and scalability for both threaded and non-threaded MPMs. For details, see the APR website and this overview of the Apache DBD Framework by its original developer.
Password Formats

# Connection Pooling

This module manages database connections, in a manner optimised for the platform. On non-threaded platforms, it provides a persistent connection in the manner of classic LAMP (Linux, Apache, Mysql, Perl/PHP/Python). On threaded platform, it provides an altogether more scalable and efficient connection pool, as described in this article at ApacheTutor. Note that mod_dbd supersedes the modules presented in that article.

# Apache DBD API

mod_dbd exports five functions for other modules to use. The API is as follows:

    typedef struct {
        apr_dbd_t *handle;
        apr_dbd_driver_t *driver;
        apr_hash_t *prepared;
    } ap_dbd_t;

    /* Export functions to access the database */

    /* acquire a connection that MUST be explicitly closed.
     * Returns NULL on error
     */
    AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_open(apr_pool_t*, server_rec*);

    /* release a connection acquired with ap_dbd_open */
    AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_close(server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*);

    /* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a request
     * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed.  Return NULL on error.
     * This is the preferred function for most applications.
     */
    AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_acquire(request_rec*);

    /* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a connection
     * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed.  Return NULL on error.
     */
    AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_cacquire(request_rec*);

    /* Prepare a statement for use by a client module */
    AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_prepare(server_rec*, const char*, const char*);

    /* Also export them as optional functions for modules that prefer it */
    APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_open, (apr_pool_t*, server_rec*));
    APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_close, (server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*));
    APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_acquire, (request_rec*));
    APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_cacquire, (conn_rec*));
    APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_prepare, (server_rec*, const char*, const char*));

# SQL Prepared Statements

mod_dbd supports SQL prepared statements on behalf of modules that may wish to use them. Each prepared statement must be assigned a name (label), and they are stored in a hash: the `prepared` field of an `ap_dbd_t`. Hash entries are of type `apr_dbd_prepared_t` and can be used in any of the apr_dbd prepared statement SQL query or select commands.

It is up to dbd user modules to use the prepared statements and document what statements can be specified in httpd.conf, or to provide their own directives and use `ap_dbd_prepare`.

# SECURITY WARNING

Any web/database application needs to secure itself against SQL injection attacks. In most cases, Apache DBD is safe, because applications use prepared statements, and untrusted inputs are only ever used as data. Of course, if you use it via third-party modules, you should ascertain what precautions they may require.

However, the FreeTDS driver is inherently unsafe. The underlying library doesn't support prepared statements, so the driver emulates them, and the untrusted input is merged into the SQL statement.

It can be made safe by untainting all inputs: a process inspired by Perl's taint checking. Each input is matched against a regexp, and only the match is used, according to the Perl idiom:

      $untrusted =~ /([a-z]+)/;
      $trusted = $1;

To use this, the untainting regexps must be included in the prepared statements configured. The regexp follows immediately after the % in the prepared statement, and is enclosed in curly brackets {}. For example, if your application expects alphanumeric input, you can use:

"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %s"

with other drivers, and suffer nothing worse than a failed query. But with FreeTDS you'd need:

"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %{([A-Za-z0-9]+)}s"

Now anything that doesn't match the regexp's $1 match is discarded, so the statement is safe.

An alternative to this may be the third-party ODBC driver, which offers the security of genuine prepared statements.

DBDriver
Specify an SQL driver
DBDriver name
server config
virtual host

Selects an apr_dbd driver by name. The driver must be installed on your system (on most systems, it will be a shared object or dll). For example, `DBDriver mysql` will select the MySQL driver in apr_dbd_mysql.so.

DBDParams
Parameters for database connection
DBDParams param1=value1[,param2=value2]
server config
virtual host

As required by the underlying driver. Typically this will be used to pass whatever cannot be defaulted amongst username, password, database name, hostname and port number for connection.

Connection string parameters for current drivers include:

FreeTDS (for MSSQL and SyBase)
  username, password, appname, dbname, host, charset, lang, server
MySQL
  host, port, user, pass, dbname, sock, flags, fldsz, group, reconnect
Oracle
  user, pass, dbname, server
PostgreSQL
  The connection string is passed straight through to `PQconnectdb`
SQLite2
  The connection string is split on a colon, and `part1:part2` is used as `sqlite_open(part1, atoi(part2), NULL)`
SQLite3
  The connection string is passed straight through to `sqlite3_open`
ODBC
  datasource, user, password, connect, ctimeout, stimeout, access, txmode, bufsize

DBDPersist
Whether to use persistent connections
DBDPersist On|Off
server config
virtual host

If set to Off, persistent and pooled connections are disabled. A new database connection is opened when requested by a client, and closed immediately on release. This option is for debugging and low-usage servers.

The default is to enable a pool of persistent connections (or a single LAMP-style persistent connection in the case of a non-threaded server), and should almost always be used in operation.

Prior to version 2.2.2, this directive accepted only the values `0` and `1` instead of `Off` and `On`, respectively.

DBDPrepareSQL
Define an SQL prepared statement
DBDPrepareSQL "SQL statement" label
server config
virtual host

For modules such as authentication that repeatedly use a single SQL statement, optimum performance is achieved by preparing the statement at startup rather than every time it is used. This directive prepares an SQL statement and assigns it a label.

DBDMin
Minimum number of connections
DBDMin number
DBDMin 1
server config
virtual host

Set the minimum number of connections per process (threaded platforms only).

DBDKeep
Maximum sustained number of connections
DBDKeep number
DBDKeep 2
server config
virtual host

Set the maximum number of connections per process to be sustained, other than for handling peak demand (threaded platforms only).

DBDMax
Maximum number of connections
DBDMax number
DBDMax 10
server config
virtual host

Set the hard maximum number of connections per process (threaded platforms only).

DBDExptime
Keepalive time for idle connections
DBDExptime time-in-seconds
DBDExptime 300
server config
virtual host

Set the time to keep idle connections alive when the number of connections specified in DBDKeep has been exceeded (threaded platforms only).